Definition:
“Bar Mitzvah” (typically for boys who turn 13) and “Bat Mitzvah” (typically for girls who turn 12) are Jewish coming-of-age ceremonies. These ceremonies mark the transition of Jewish children into adulthood, at which point they are considered responsible for their own actions under Jewish law.
Etymology:
The term “Bar Mitzvah” is Aramaic and Hebrew, combining “bar” (son) and “mitzvah” (commandment).
The term “Bat Mitzvah” is Hebrew, combining “bat” (daughter) and “mitzvah” (commandment).
Bar Mitzvah means “son of the commandment,” while Bat Mitzvah means “daughter of the commandment.”
Description:
The practice of Bar Mitzvah dates back to the Middle Ages, though the age of 13 for boys’ religious responsibility is rooted in the Talmud. Bat Mitzvahs are a more recent development, with the first recorded Bat Mitzvah taking place in 1922 in the United States.
These ceremonies are traditionally not optional. It is said that at this age, the youth is considered responsible for their own religious actions. While ironically these ceremonies are forced, and it is further expected that the youth will fully participate in Jewish community activities and duties. So actually, the only religious actions they are responsible for are within the strict script of Judaism.
During the ceremony, “aliyah” is usually performed, which means that the Bar or Bat Mitzvah youth reads a passage from the Torah (the five books of Moses) or from another part of Jewish scriptures. It is common to invite a large number of guests, including relatives, friends, neighbors, and members of the Jewish community. After the ceremonial part, there may be a party or reception where guests gather for food, drink, and entertainment. The celebration usually includes music, dancing, and other entertainment.
Symbolism:
Bar and Bat Mitzvah carries symbolism of herd mentality as the celebration is about joining the community.
It is common in many Jewish communities to perform a tradition called “hakafot” or “hora dance” during the Bar or Bat Mitzvah celebration, where the youth is lifted on a chair while guests sing and dance in circles around the youth. This is often referred to as the “chair lifting” or “chair dance.” This act carries go symbolism.
Religion:
The concepts underlying Bar and Bat Mitzvah are found in various Jewish texts:
- The Talmud: States that boys become obligated to observe the commandments at age 13. In Pirkei Avot 5:21, it says: “He used to say: At five years [the age is reached] for the study of Bible, at ten for the study of Mishnah, at thirteen for [the fulfillment of] the commandments…”
- Torah: While it does not mention Bar Mitzvah directly, it outlines commandments and responsibilities that become applicable at adulthood.
- Mishna: Discusses age and maturity in relation to religious obligations.