Logical Fallacy

Definition:

A “logical fallacy” is an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.

Etymology:

The term “logical fallacy” comes from the Latin “fallacia,” meaning “deception” or “trick.” The term “logical” pertains to the principles of valid reasoning.

Description:

The study of logical fallacies is part of the scientific field called epistemology, which examines the methods for determining what is accurate and false.

Logical fallacies often involve a flaw in the structure or form of an argument, leading to a conclusion that lacks logical foundation. They can mislead or persuade through deceptive reasoning, rather than through valid arguments supported by evidence.

Logical fallacies can be categorized into formal and informal fallacies:

• Formal Fallacies: Errors in the logical structure of an argument. These fallacies occur when the form of the argument is invalid.
  • Example: Affirming the consequent.
    • Form: If A, then B. B, therefore A.
    • Example: If it is raining, the ground is wet. The ground is wet, therefore it is raining.

• Informal Fallacies: Errors in reasoning that occur due to the content and context of the argument, rather than its form. These fallacies often involve irrelevant or misleading information.
  • Example: Ad hominem.
    • Form: Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
    • Example: You can’t trust his opinion on climate change because he’s not a scientist.

Religion:

Religious texts do not teach about logical fallacies, as they require people to be ignorant of logical fallacies in order to believe in them. Religious texts are filled with logical fallacies.